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Wastewater Hydraulics: Theory and Practice

This book is not only a reference for researchers but also a basis for practising engineers. It can be used as a text book for graduate students, although it has the characteristics of a reference book. It addresses mainly the sewer hydraulician who has to tackle many a problem in daily life, and who will not always find an appropriate solution. Each chapter is introduced with a summary to outline the contents. To illustrate application of the theory, examples are presented to explain the computational procedures. Further, to relate present knowledge to the history of hydraulics, some key dates on noteworthy hydraulicians are quoted. A historical note on the development of wastewater hydraulics is also added. References are given at the end of each chapter, and they are often helpful starting points for further reading. Each notation is defined when introduced, and listed alphabetically at the end of each chapter.
 
 
Contents Book Details
Type of Cover Hard Cover
Author Name Hager, Willi H.
Copies Sold 1732
Cost Eur 192.55
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1 BASIC EQUATIONS 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Continuity equation 2
1.3 Specific force principle 5
1.4 Energy principle 8
1.5 Discussion of results 12
1.5.1 Correction factors 12
1.5.2 Streamline curvature effects 13
References 15
Notation 16
2 LOSSES IN FLOW 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Friction losses 18
2.2.1 Equation of Colebrook and White 18
2.2.2 Transition regime 20
2.2.3 Rough turbulent regime 23
2.3 Local losses 29
2.3.1 Description 29
2.3.2 Conduit bend 31
2.3.3 Expansion 34
2.3.4 Contraction 36
2.3.5 Combining conduit junction 38
2.3.6 Dividing conduit junction 41
2.3.7 Y-junction 42
2.3.8 Trash racks 44
2.3.9 Slide gate 45
2.4 Discussion of results 47
2.4.1 Free surface and pressurized flows 47
2.4.2 Transformation principle 49
References 51
Notation 53
3 DESIGN OF SEWERS 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Maximum discharge 55
3.2.1 Flowing full condition 55
3.2.2 Operative roughness 57
3.3 Minimum discharge 59
3.3.1 Design considerations 59
3.3.2 Yao's procedure 59
3.3.3 ATV procedure 62
3.4 Sewer crosssections 63
References 66
Notation 69
4 SEWAGE PUMPING THROTTLING DEVICES 71
4.1 Introduction 71
4.2 Types of pumps 72
4.2.1 Centrifugal pumps 72
4.2.2 Screw pumps 73
4.3 Throttling devices 75
4.3.1 General 75
4.3.2 Vortex throttle 76
4.3.3 Regulating devices 77
4.4 Requirements of ATV 82
4.5 Hinged Flap Gate 83
4.5.1 Description 83
4.5.2 Hydraulic characteristics 84
4.5.3 Performance characteristics 87
4.6 Discharge control 87
References 89
Notation 91
5 UNIFORM FLOW 93
5.1 Introduction 93
5.2 Description of uniform flow 93
5.3 Uniform flow law 95
5.4 Flow formulae 96
5.5 Conditions of partial pipe filling 98
5.5.1 Partial pipe filling diagrams 98
5.5.2 Choking of sewer flow 99
5.5.3 Partial filling of circular sewer 102
5.5.4 Partial filling of noncircular profiles 106
5.5.5 Uniform energy head 115
5.6 Steeply sloping sewer 117
5.6.1 Self aerated flow 117
5.6.2 Incipient aeration 117
5.6.3 Uniform aerated flow 118
5.6.4 Design procedure 120
5.7 Airwater flows 121
5.7.1 Introduction 121
5.7.2 Empirical correlations 123
5.7.3 Slug flow 124
5.7.4 Wave instability 124
5.7.5 Benjamin bubble 127
5.8 Design of sewers 129
5.8.1 Design principle 129
5.8.2 Design procedure 130
References 133
Notation 135
6 CRITICAL FLOW 137
4.l Introduction 137
6.2 Description of critical flow 137
6.3 Features of critical flow 139
6.3.1 Critical depth 139
6.3.2 Influence of bottom geometry 140
6.3.3 Influence of crosssectional geometry 142
6.3.4 Discussion of results 143
6.3.5 Significance of Froude number 147
6.4 Computation of critical flow 148
6.4.1 Computational principles 148
6.4.2 Circular section 149
6.4.3 Eggshaped section 153
6.4.4 Horseshoe section 155
6.4.5 Critical slope 156
6.4.6 Summary of results 159
6.5 Transition from mild to steep sewer reaches 160
6.5.1 Computational assumptions 160
6.5.2 Critical point 162
6.5.3 Free surface profile 165
6.5.4 Experimental verification 167
References 169
Notation 170
7 HYDRAULIC JUMP AND STILLING BASINS 173
7.1 Introduction 173
7.2 Phenomenon of hydraulic jump 174
7.3 Computation of hydraulic jump 176
7.3.1 Basic equation 176
7.3.2 Rectangular crosssection 177
7.3.3 Circular section 180
7.3.4 Eggshaped and horseshoe sections 184
7.4 Hydraulic jump of choked circular sections 186
7.4.1 Introduction 186
7.4.2 Sequent water depths 187
7.4.3 Air entrainment 190
7.4.4 Choking criterion 190
7.5 Hydraulic jump in Ushaped channel 190
7.6 Outlet structures 193
7.6.1 Introduction 193
7.6.2 Dissipation mechanisms 194
7.6.3 Stilling basin of Smith 196
7.6.4 USBR stilling basin 198
7.6.5 Stilling basin of Vollmer 200
7.7 Remarks on energy dissipation 200
References 205
Notation 206
8 BACKWATER CURVES 209
8.1 Introduction 209
8.2 General equation of backwater curves 211
8.3 Backwater curves in prismatic channels 213
8.4 Backwater curves in circular sewers 217
8.4.1 Special solution 217
8.4.2 General solution 219
8.4.3 Backwater length and drawdown length 220
8.5 Classification of backwater curves 222
8.6 Computation of backwater curves 225
8.6.1 Computational scheme 225
8.6.2 Computations for a single sewer reach 227
8.6.3 Computations for two sewer reaches 232
8.6.4 Sewer networks with constant diameter 235
8.6.5 Sewer network with variable diameter 238
8.7 Backwater curves in eggshaped and horseshoe sewers 241
8.7.1 Introduction 241
8.7.2 Method of equivalent crosssection 242
8.8 Backwater curves in rectangular channels 244
8.8.1 Introduction 244
8.8.2 Equation of free surface profile 245
8.8.3 Approximate solution 248
References 252
Notation 253
9 CULVERTS THROTTLING PIPES INVERTED SIPHONS 255
9.1 Introduction 255
9.2 Culvert 255
9.2.1 Description 255
9.2.2 Conditions of flow 256
9.3.3 Generalized flow diagram 258
9.2.4 Design equations 260
9.2.5 Simple Culvert Structure 261
9.3 Throttling pipe 266
9.3.1 Description 266
9.3.2 Hydraulic design 268
9.3.3 Discharge equations 271
9.4 Inverted siphon 274
9.4.1 Description of structure 274
9.4.2 Hydraulic design 275
References 277
Notation 278
10 OVERFALLS 279
10.1 Introduction 279
10.2 Sharpcrested overfalls 281
10.2.1 Sharpcrested rectangular weir 281
10.2.2 Sharpcrested triangular weir 285
10.3 Broadcrested weir 289
10.4 Cylindrical weir 294
10.5 Comparison of weirs 295
References 294
Notation 297
11 END OVERFALL 299
11.1 Introduction 299
11.2 Rectangular channel 299
11.2.1 Flow description 299
11.2.2 Free surface profile 302
11.2.3 Discharge equation 304
11.3 Circular pipe 305
11.3.1 Flow description 305
11.3.2 Effect of approach Froude number 307
11.3.3 Jet geometry 309
11.3.4 Submergence effects 311
11.3.5 Eggshaped sewer 312
11.4 Cavity outflow 313
11.4.1 Outflow features of pipes 313
11.4.2 Description of cavity outflow 314
11.4.3 Cavity shape 316
11.4.4 End depth ratio 320
11.4.5. Nappe trajectories 320
11.4.6 Velocity distribution 321
References 322
Notation 323
12 VENTURI FLUME 325
12.1 Introduction 325
12.2 Longthroated flume 327
12.2.1 Discharge equation 327
12.2.2 Discussion of result 330
12.2.3 Effect of streamline curvature 331
12.2.4 Submerged flow 335
12.2.5 Comparison with observations 336
12.2.6 Venturi flume in manhole 338
12.3 Short Venturi flume 339
12.4 Design recommendations 341
References 342
Notation 343
13 MOBILE DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT 345
13.1 Introduction 345
13.2 Mobile Venturi flume 346
13.2.1 Principle of measurement 346
13.2.2 Mobile Venturi flume in rectangular channel 347
13.2.3 Mobile Venturi with circular cone 352
13.3 Mobile Venturi flume in circular pipe 355
13.3.1 Basic device 355
13.3.2 Optimized design 358
13.4 Mobile discharge measurement with lateral constriction 362
13.4.1 Plate Venturi 362
13.4.2 Discharge equation 363
13.4.3 Practical aspects 365
13.5 Mobile discharge measurement with weirs 366
References 367
Notation 367
14 STANDARD MANHOLE 369
14.1 Introduction 369
14.2 Choking at sewer entrance 371
14.3 Pressurized manhole flow 372
14.3.1 Unsuitable manhole design 372
14.3.2 Results of Liebmann 373
14.3.3 Results of Lindvall and Marsalek 375
14.3.4 Further results 376
References 376
Notation 378
15 FALL MANHOLES 379
15.1 Introduction 379
15.2 Drop manhole 380
15.2.1 Setup of manhole 380
15.2.2 Approach sewer 381
15.2.3 Jet geometry 382
15.2.4 Dropshaft 384
15.2.5 Manhole outlet 384
15.3 Vortex drop 387
15.3.1 Limits of application 387
15.3.2 Intake structure 388
15.3.3 Design of intake 389
15.3.4 Vertical shaft 393
15.3.5 Dissipation chamber 395
References 397
Notation 398
16 JUNCTlON MANHOLES 399
16.1 Introduction 399
16.2 Subcritical flow 400
16.2.1 Principle of computation 400
16.2.2 Sub and transcritical flows 403
16.2.3 Loss coefficients 407
16.2.4 Computation of free surface profiles 411
16.2.5 Bottom drop 412
16.3 Supercritical flow 416
16.3.1 Plow phenomenon 416
16.3.2 Abrupt wall deflection 419
16.3.3 Channel contraction 427
16.3.4 Channel expansion 431
16.3.5 Channel bend 434
16.3.6 Channel junction 441
16.3.7 Methods of shockwave reduction 448
16.4 Bend manhole 454
16.4.1 Introduction 454
16.4.2 Subcritical flow 454
16.4.3 Supercritical flow 459
16.4.4 Shockwave reduction 466
References 471
Notation 473
17 DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL 477
17.1 Introduction 477
17.2 Governing equations 479
17.3 Lateral outflow 482
17.4 Pseudouniform flow 483
17.4.1 Effect of width reduction 483
17.4.2 Effect of bottom elevation 486
17.5 General free surface profile 487
17.5.1 Representation of solution 487
17.5.2 Similarity solutions 491
17.6 Distribution channel 495
17.6.1 Substitute distribution channel 495
17.6.2 Effect of friction 497
17.6.3 Lateral outflow features 499
17.6.4 Pseudouniform flow 501
17.7 Channel bifurcation 503
17.7.1 Flow pattern 503
17.7.2 TBifurcation 505
References 509
Notation 510
18 SEWER SIDEWEIR 513
18.1 Introduction 513
18.2 Design basis 515
18.2.1 Basic knowledge 515
18.2.2 Description of standard structure 515
18.3 Highcrested sewer sideweir 516
18.3.1 Approach sewer 516
18.3.2 Overflow reach 517
18.3.3 Throttling pipe 526
18.4 Lowcrested sewer sideweir 527
18.4.1 Flow patterns 527
18.4.2 Prismatic sideweir 528
18.4.3 Converging sideweir 532
18.4.4 Hydraulic jump in sideweir 536
18.4.5 Computational approach for converging sideweir 538
18.5 Short sewer sideweir 542
18.5.1 Introduction 542
18.5.2 End Plate 543
18.5.3 Discharge distribution 545
18.5.4 Free surface profile 546
18.5.5 Lateral discharge 547
18.5.6 Momentum transfer 549
18.5.7 Experimental observations 550
18.6 Sewer sideweir with throttling pipe 552
18.6.1 Introduction 552
18.6.2 Free surface profile 554
18.6.3 End depth ratio 557
18.6.4 Discharge distribution 557
18.6.5 Discharge characteristics 557
18.6.6 Throttling discharge characteristics 559
18.6.7 Design recommendations 560
18.7 Closing comments 561
References 562
Notation 563
19 SIDE CHANNEL 567
19.1 Introduction 567
19.2 Basic equations 568
19.3 Side channel with rectangular crosssection 570
19.3.1 Equation of free surface profile 570
19.3.2 General classification 573
19.3.3 Transitional flow 576
19.3.4 Critical flow 578
19.3.5 Comparison with Ushaped profile 580
19.4 Practical aspects of side channel flow 581
References 584
Notation 585
20 BOTTOM OPENING 587
20.1 Introduction 587
20.2 Computational assumptions 588
20.3 End depth ratio 589
20.4 Discharge characteristics 591
20.5 Excess treatment discharge 592
20.6 Downstream flow 594
20.7 Surface profile 596
20.8 Design principles 600
References 600
Notation 601
APPENDIX Short History of Wastewater Hydraulics 603
SUBJECT INDEX 613
AUTHORS' INDEX 625
END

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