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| Author Name |
Henze, M., Harremoes,
P., Cour Jansen, J.l., Arvin, E. |
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1. Wastewater, Volumes and Composition 11
1.1. The volumes of wastewater 11
1.1.1. Measurements 11
1.1.2. Statistics 13
1.1.3. Estimates 16
1.1.4. Population Equivalent and Person Load 24
1.1.5. Prognoses 25
1.2. Wastewater components 27
1.2.1. Domestic wastewater/municipal wastewater 27
1.2.2. Variations 35
2. Characterization of Wastewater and Biomass 43
2.1. Suspended solids 43
2.1.1. Settleable solids 45
2.2. Organic matter 45
2.3. Nitrogen 57
2.4. Phosphorus 58
2.5. Alkalinity (TAL) 59
2.6. Sludge volume index etc. 59
2.7. Respiration rate of sludge 60
3. Basic Biological Processes 65
3.1. The biology in biological treatment plants 65
3.1.1. The organisms 65
3.1.2. Selection 68
3.2. Conversions in biological treatment plants 72
3.2.1. Biological growth 73
3.2.2. Hydrolysis 74
3.2.3. Decay 75
3.2.4 Storage 76
3.3. Aerobic heterotrophic conversion of organicmatter 77
3.3.1. Reactions, aerobic conversions 77
3.3.2. Yieldconstant, aerobic heterotrophic conversions 79
3.3.3. Nutrients, aerobic heterotrophic conversions 83
3.3.4. Kinetics, aerobic heterotrophic conversions 84
3.3.5. Heterotrophic micro-organisms, aerobic conversions 85
3.3.6. The influence of the environmental factors, aerobic
heterotrophic conversions 85
3.4. Nitrification 89
3.4.1. Reactions by nitrification 90
3.4.2. Alkalinity 92
3.4.3. Kinetics, nitrification 93
3.4.4. The influence of the environmental factors on
nitrification 93
3.5. Denitrification 100
3.5.1. Reactions by denitrification 101
3.5.2. Yield constant by denitrification 101
3.5.3. Nutrients, denitrification 103
3.5.4. Alkalinity 103
3.5.5. Kinetics, denitrification 103
3.5.6. The influence of the environmental factors,
denitrification 105
3.6. Biological phosphorus removal 109
3.6.1. Microorganisms 109
3.6.2. Reactions, biological phosphorus removal 111
3.6.3. Yield constant, biological phosphorus removal 113
3.6.4. Alkalinity 113
3.6.5. Kinetics, biological phosphorus removal 114
3.6.6. Environmental factors, biological phosphorus removal
114
3.7. Anaerobic processes 116
3.7.1. Reactions, anaerobic processes 118
3.7.2. Growth and soluble COD yield constants, anaerobic
processes 118
3.7.3. Nutrients, anaerobic processes 119
3.7.4. Alkalinity, anaerobic processes 120
3.7.5. Kinetics, anaerobic processes 121
3.7.6. Gas production 122
3.7.7. The influence of the environmental factors, anaerobic
processes 123
4. Activated Sludge Treatment Plants 131
4.1. Mass balances, activated sludge plants 131
4.2. Concepts and definitions of the activated sludge process
137
4.3. Types of plants, activated sludge plants 143
4.3.1. Activated sludge with recycle 143
4.3.2. Single tank activated sludge plants 146
4.3.3. Contact stabilization plants 148
4.3.4. Biosorption plants 150
4.3.5. Design of activated sludge processes 151
4.3.6. Design by means of volumetric loading 151
4.3.7. Design by means of sludge loading or sludge age 153
5. Biofilters 157
5.1. Biofilm kinetics 157
5.2. Biofilm kinetic parameters 167
5.3. Hydraulic film diffusion 169
5.4. Two-component diffusion 172
5.5. Filter kinetics 175
5.6. Mass balances for biofilters 179
5.6.1. Biofiherswithout recycle 180
Biofilters with recycle 180
5.7. Concepts and definitions 181
5.8. Types of plants 182
5.8.1.Trickling filters 183
5.8.2. Submerged filters 185
5.8.3. Rotating discs 188
5.9. Design of biofilters 188
5.9.1. Design of trickling filters 189
5.9.2. Design of discs 190
5.9.3. Rules for other types of filter 191
5.9.4. Design of biofilters for dissolved organic matter 191
5.10. Technical conditions concerning biofilters 195
5.10.1 Aeration in biofilters 195
5.10.2 Growth and sloughing off of the biofilm 195
5.11. Removal of particulate organic matter 197
5.12. Detailed model 203
6. Treatment Plants for Nitrification 209
6.1. Mass balances, nitrifying plants 210
6.1.1. Separate nitrifying plants 210
6.1.2. Combined removal of organic matter and ammonium 219
6.2. Types of plants for nitrification 220
6.2.1. Nitrification plants with separate sludge 222
6.2.2. Single sludge nitrification plants 222
6.2.3. Nitrification in two sludge treatment systems 225
6.2.4. Nitrification plants with separate sludge in titers 226
6.2.5. Two sludge nitrification plants in filters 227
6.2.6. Combined biofilters and activated sludge treatment
plants for nitrification 229
6.3. Design of nitrifying plants 229
6.3.1. Design of activated sludge treatment plants for
nitrification 230
6.3.2. Optimizing operation of nitrifying plants 233
Design of biofilters for nitrification 234
7. Treatment Plants for Denitrification 239
7.1. Mass balances, denitrifying treatment plants 240
7.1.1. Separate denitrifying plant 242
7.1.2. Combined nitrification and denitrification 247
7.2. Types of plants for denitrification 251
7.2.1. Denitrification plants with separate sludge 253
7.2.2. Denitrification plants with combined sludge 254
7.2.3. Biofihers for denitrification 258
7.3. Design of denitrifying plants 259
7.3.1. C/Nratio 259
7.3.2. Oxygen/stirring 264
7.3.3. Simultaneous nitrification-denitrification 265
7.3.4. Nitrogen gas in settling tanks and biofilters 266
7.3.5. Oxygen consumption 269
7.3.6. Alkalinity 270
7.3.7. Design of activated sludge plants with denitrification
270
7.3.8. Model based process design 273
7.3.9. Design of biofilters for denitrification 277
7.4. Redox-zones in the biomass 279
8. Plants for Biological Phosphorus Removal 285
8.1. Mass balances, biological phosphorus removal plants with
activated sludge 285
8.2. Plant types, biological phosphorus removal 288
8.2.1. Biological phosphorus removal with nitrification-denitrification
and an internal carbon source 288
8.2.2. Biological phosphorus removal with nitrification-denitrification
and an external carbon source 290
8.2.3. Biological phosphorus removal with internally produced
easily degradable organic matter 291
8.2.4. Biological phosphorus removal without nitrification-denitrification
291
8.3. Design of biological phosphorus removal 291
8.3.1. Easily degradable organic matter 291
8.3.2. Design of tanks for biological phosphorus removal 293
Optimization of plant operation, biological phosphorus removal
296
9. Hydrolysis/fermentation and Anaerobic Wastewater
Treatment 299
9.1. Hydrolysis/fermentation 299
9.2. Anaerobic wastewater treatment 300
9.2.1. Introduction 300
9.2.2. Mass balances, anaerobic plants 301
9.3. Plant types, anaerobic processes 305
9.3.1. Pretreatment of wastewater, anaerobic plants 305
9.3.2. Plants with suspended sludge 306
9.3.3. Anaerobic filter processes 309
9.4. Design of anaerobic plants 310
9.4.1. Design of plants with suspended sludge 311
9.4.2. Design of anaerobic filter plants 315
9.4.3. Gas production, anaerobic processes 317
9.4.4. Optimization, anaerobic plants 319
9.4.5. Start-up, anaerobic plants 319
9.4.6. Disturbances, anaerobic plants 320
10. Treatment Plants for Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater
327
10.1. Mass balances for phosphorus removal processes 327
10.2. Mechanisms for chemical/physical phosphorus removal 330
10.2.1. Precipitation 331
10.2.2.Coagulation 335
10.2.3. Flocculation 341
10.2.4. Phosphorus binding in soil 346
10.3. Treatment plants for phosphorus removal 348
10.3.1. Precipitants 348
10.3.2. Treatment processes 350
10.4. Design of plants for phosphorus removal 355
10.4.1. Chemical precipitation 355
10.4.2. Phosphorus binding in soil 361
10.5. Operation of plants for phosphorus removal 363
11. Model features, calibration and application 369
11.1. Pragmatism versus theory-based models 369
11.1.1. Engineering craftsmanship 369
11.1.2. Science-based determinism 370
11.1.3. Model structure, variables, parameters and forcing
input 370
11.2. Model applications 371
11.2.1. Planning tool 371
11.2.2. Analysis of existing plants 372
11.2.3. Design of new plants 372
11.2.4. Real time control of plant 372
11.2.5. Models as research tools 373
11.2.6. Level of aggregation 373
11.3. Model calibration and parameter estimation 374
11.3.1. Model structure 374
11.3.2. Parameter calibration, verification and estimation 375
11.4. Treatment plant design 379
11.4.1. Identification of problem 379
11.5. Model for biofilm system 382
11.6. Analysis of existing plant/pilot plant 392
11.6.1. Identification of the problem 392
11.6.2. Design of experimental programme 393
11.6.3. Interpretation of results 393
11.7. Real time control 395
11.8. Integrated modelling 397
List of Symbols 401
Index 421
END
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